Sunday, August 25, 2013

El sistema educativo finlandés.

El sistema educativo finlandés es un sistema igualitario: la escolaridad es obligatoria de los 7 a los 16 años (los alumnos acuden a la escuela local). Es gratuita a tiempo completo para los estudiantes y esta gratuidad incluye la asistencia sanitaria y el comedor (con una comida diaria que debe cubrir alrededor de un tercio de las necesidades nutricionales diarias del alumno) para las escuelas primaria y secundaria. Durante toda la escuela elemental (peruskoulu) de 7 a 16 años, todos los libros y materiales escolares son gratuitos y dados por el mismo centro. Los alumnos que viven lejos de la escuela - a más de 5km - pueden pedir el reembolso del coste del transporte. Los alumnos que tienen dificultades de aprendizaje pudiendo también beneficiarse, en el mismo centro, de la ayuda de un profesor especialista (eritysopettaja), que puede ir a clase para guiarlo o bien trabajar con él de manera separada.1
A partir de la encuesta internacional PISA sobre los sistemas educativos de la OCDE, Finlandia recibe regularmente las mejores calificaciones a escala mundial. En 2003 los alumnos finlandeses de 15 años figuraban en el primer lugar del ranking mundial en cuanto a competencias lingüísticas y científicas, y se clasificaron en segunda posición en cuanto a resolución de problemas. En cuanto a los estudios superiores, el FEM (Foro Económico Mundial) situó Finlandia primera en el ranking mundial en cuanto a número de matrículas y calidad, y en segundo lugar en la enseñanza de las matemáticas y las ciencias. En los estudios que se hacer para analizar los motivos de estos buenos resultados se ponían de relieve el alto grado de responsabilidad de los alumnos, la ausencia de estrés en un sistema donde no se puede repetir curso y la calidad de la formación de los docentes.
Es importante considerar que los docentes del sistema público son elegidos directamente por la directiva del centro educativo. Esto permite que cada centro pueda crear los mejores equipos de trabajo y buscar a los profesores que mejor encajen en su proyecto educativo real. Los fondos que recibe cada centro son proporcionales a el nivel de calidad que estos ofrecen.

Saturday, August 24, 2013

45 uses for lemons

Most people are familiar with the traditional uses for lemons to soothe sore throats and add some citrus flavor to our foods. However the diversity of applications for lemons far exceeds general knowledge and once you read the following list, you'll likely want to stock at least a few lemons in your kitchen 24-7.

45 Uses For Lemons That Will Blow Your Socks Off1. Freshen the Fridge
Remove refrigerator odors with ease. Dab lemon juice on a cotton ball or sponge and leave it in the fridge for several hours. Make sure to toss out any malodorous items that might be causing the bad smell.

2. High Blood Pressure
Lemon contains potassium which controls high blood pressure and reduces the effect of nausea and dizziness.

3. Prevent Cauliflower From Turning Brown
Cauliflower tend to turn brown with even the slightest cooking. You can make sure the white vegetables stay white by squeezing a teaspoon of fresh lemon juice on them before heating.

4. Mental Health
Lemon water can also prep up your mood and relieve you from depression and stress. Long distance walkers and world travelers as well as explorers look upon the lemon as a Godsend. When fatigue begins, a lemon is sucked through a hole in the top. Quick acting medicine it is, giving almost unbelievable refreshments. 

5. Refresh Cutting Boards
No wonder your kitchen cutting board smells! After all, you use it to chop onions, crush garlic, and prepare fish. To get rid of the smell and help sanitize the cutting board, rub it all over with the cut side of half a lemon or wash it in undiluted juice straight from the bottle.

6. Respiratory Problems
Lemon water can reduce phlegm; and can also help you breathe properly and aids a person suffering with asthma.

7. Treating Arthritis and Rheumatism
Lemon is a diuretic - assists in the production of urine which helps you to reduce inflammation by flushing out toxins and bacteria while also giving you relief from arthritis and rheumatism.

8. Prevents Kidney Stones
Regular consumption of the refreshing drink -- or even lemon juice mixed with water -- may increase the production of urinary citrate, a chemical in the urine that prevents the formation of crystals that may build up into kidney stones

9. Keep Insects Out of the Kitchen
You don’t need insecticides or ant traps to ant-proof your kitchen. Just give it the lemon treatment. First squirt some lemon juice on door thresholds and windowsills. Then squeeze lemon juice into any holes or cracks where the ants are getting in. Finally, scatter small slices of lemon peel around the outdoor entrance. The ants will get the message that they aren’t welcome. Lemons are also effective against roaches and fleas: Simply mix the juice of 4 lemons (along with the rinds) with 1/2 gallon (2 liters) water and wash your floors with it; then watch the fleas and roaches flee. They hate the smell.

10. Anti-Aging
Lemon water reduces the production of free radicals which are responsible for aging skin and skin damage. Lemon water is calorie free and an antioxidant.

11. Fruit and Vegetable Wash
You never know what kind of pesticides or dirt may be lurking on the skin of your favorite fruits and vegetables. Slice your lemon and squeeze out one tablespoon of lemon juice into your spray bottle. The lemon juice is a natural disinfectant and will leave your fruits and vegetables smelling nice too.

12. Treat Infections
Lemon water can fight throat infections thanks to its antibacterial property. If salt water does not work for you, try lime and water for gargling.

13. Deodorize Your Garbage 
If your garbage is beginning to smell yucky, here’s an easy way to deodorize it: Save leftover lemon and orange peels and toss them at the base under the bag. To keep it smelling fresh, repeat once every couple of weeks.

14. Keep Guacamole Green
You’ve been making guacamole all day long for the big party, and you don’t want it to turn brown on top before the guests arrive. The solution: Sprinkle a liberal amount of fresh lemon juice over it and it will stay fresh and green. The flavor of the lemon juice is a natural complement to the avocados in the guacamole. Make the fruit salad hours in advance too. Just squeeze some lemon juice onto the apple slices, and they’ll stay snowy white.

15. Purges The Blood
We consume a lot of junk food or food with a lot of preservatives and artificial flavours. This builds up a lot of toxins in the blood and body but daily consumption of lemon water helps to purify the blood. 

16. Make Soggy Lettuce Crisp
Don’t toss that soggy lettuce into the garbage. With the help of a little lemon juice you can toss it in a salad instead. Add the juice of half a lemon to a bowl of cold water. Then put the soggy lettuce in it and refrigerate for 1 hour. Make sure to dry the leaves completely before putting them into salads or sandwiches.

17. Oral Health
Lemon juice also stops bleeding gums and reduces toothaches

18. Lighten Age Spots
Why buy expensive creams when you’ve got lemon juice? To lighten liver spots or freckles, try applying lemon juice directly to the area. Let it sit for 15 minutes and then rinse your skin clean. It’s a safe and effective skin-lightening agent.

19. Create Blonde Highlights
For salon-worthy highlights, add 1/4 cup lemon juice to 3/4 cup water and rinse your hair with the mixture. Then, sit in the sun until your hair dries. To maximize the effect, repeat once daily for up to a week. 

20. Make a Room Scent/Humidifier
Freshen and moisturize the air in your home on dry winter days. Make your own room scent that also doubles as a humidifier. If you have a wood-burning stove, place an enameled cast-iron pot or bowl on top, fill with water, and add lemon (and/or orange) peels, cinnamon sticks, cloves, and apple skins. No wood-burning stove? Use your stovetop instead and just simmer the water periodically.

21. Clean and Whiten Nails
Pamper your hands without a manicurist. Add the juice of 1/2 lemon to 1 cup warm water and soak your fingertips in the mixture for 5 minutes. After pushing back the cuticles, rub some lemon peel back and forth against the nail.

22. Cleanse Your Face
Zap zits naturally by dabbing lemon juice on blackheads to draw them out during the day. You can also wash your face with lemon juice for a natural cleanse and exfoliation. Your skin should improve after several days of treatment. Lemon water is also a cooling agent, best way to beat the heat.

23. Freshen Your Breath
Make an impromptu mouthwash by rinsing with lemon juice straight from the bottle. Swallow for longer-lasting fresh breath. The citric acid in the juice alters the pH level in your mouth, killing bacteria that causes bad breath. Rinse after a few minutes because long-term exposure to the acid in lemons can harm tooth enamel.

24. Treat Flaky Dandruff
If itchy, scaly dandruff has you scratching your head, relief may be no farther away than your refrigerator. Just massage two tablespoons lemon juice into your scalp and rinse with water. Then stir one teaspoon lemon juice into one cup water and rinse your hair with it. Repeat daily until your dandruff disappears.

25. Get Rid of Tough Stains on Marble
You probably think of marble as stone, but it is really petrified calcium (also known as old seashells). That explains why it is so porous and easily stained and damaged. Those stains can be hard to remove. If washing won’t remove a stubborn stain, try this: Cut a lemon in half, dip the exposed flesh into some table salt, and rub it vigorously on the stain. But do this only as a last resort; acid can damage marble. Rinse well. Use These Lemons To Clean - Easy and Effective

26. Remove Berry Stains
It sure was fun to pick your own berries, but now your fingers are stained with berry juice that won’t come off no matter how much you scrub with soap and water. Try washing your hands with undiluted lemon juice, then wait a few minutes and wash with warm, soapy water. Repeat until your hands are stain-free.

27. Soften Dry, Scaly Elbows
Itchy elbows are bad enough, but they look terrible too. For better looking (and feeling) elbows, mix baking soda and lemon juice to make an abrasive paste, then rub it into your elbows for a soothing, smoothing, and exfoliating treatment. Rinse your extremities in a mixture of equal parts lemon juice and water, then massage with olive oil and dab dry with a soft cloth.

28. Headaches 
Lemon juice with a few teaspoons of hot tea added is the treatment of a sophisticated New York bartender, for those who suffer with hangover headaches--and from headaches due to many other causes. He converts his customers to this regime, and weans them away from drug remedies completely.

29. Chills and Fevers
Chills and fevers may be due to a variety of causes; never the less the lemon is always a helpful remedy. Spanish physicians regard it as an infallible friend. 

30. Diptheria
Skip the vaccine for this disease. Lemon Juice Treatment still proves as one of the most powerful antiseptics and the strong digestive qualities of the fruit are admired around the world. With the juice every hour or two, and at the same time, 1/2 to 1 tsp. should be swallowed. This cuts loose the false membrane in the throat and permits it to come out.

31. Vaginal Hygiene
Diluted lemon juice makes a safe and sane method of vaginal hygiene. Though it is a powerful antiseptic it is nevertheless free from irritating drugs in douches and suppositories. 

32. Forget The Moth Balls
A charming French custom to keep closets free from moths is to take ripe lemons and stick them with cloves all over the skin. The heavily studded lemons slowly dry with their cloves, leaving a marvelous odor throughout the closets and rooms. 

33. Stomach Health
Digestive problems are the most common ailments but warm water and lime juice is the solution to most digestive problems. Lemon juice helps to purify the blood, reduces your chances of indigestion, constipation, eliminates toxins from the body, adds digestion and reduces phlegm.

34. Disinfect Cuts and Scrapes
Stop bleeding and disinfect minor cuts and scraps by pouring a few drops of lemon juice directly on the cut. You can also apply the juice with a cotton ball and hold firmly in place for one minute.

35. Soothe Poison Ivy Rash
You won’t need an ocean of calamine lotion the next time poison ivy comes a-creeping. Just apply lemon juice directly to the affected area to soothe itching and alleviate the rash.

36. Remove Warts
You’ve tried countless remedies to banish warts and nothing seems to work. Next time, apply a dab of lemon juice directly to the wart using a cotton swab. Repeat for several days until the acids in the lemon juice dissolve the wart completely.

37. Bleach Delicate Fabrics
Avoid additional bleach stains by swapping ordinary household chlorine bleach with lemon juice, which is milder but no less effective. Soak your delicates in a mixture of lemon juice and baking soda for at least half an hour before washing.

38. Clean Tarnished Brass and Polish Chrome
Say good-bye to tarnish on brass, copper, or stainless steel. Make a paste of lemon juice and salt (or substitute baking soda or cream of tartar for the salt) and coat the affected area. Let it stay on for 5 minutes. Then wash in warm water, rinse, and polish dry. Use the same mixture to clean metal kitchen sinks too. Apply the paste, scrub gently, and rinse. Get rid of mineral deposits and polish chrome faucets and other tarnished chrome. Simply rub lemon rind over the chrome and watch it shine! Rinse well and dry with a soft cloth.

39. Replace Your Dry Cleaner
Ditch the expensive dry-cleaning bills (and harsh chemicals) with this homegrown trick. Simply scrub the stained area on shirts and blouses with equal parts lemon juice and water. Your “pits” will be good as new, and smell nice too.

40. Boost Laundry Detergent
For more powerful cleaning action, pour 1 cup lemon juice into the washer during the wash cycle. The natural bleaching action of the juice will zap stains and remove rust and mineral discolorations from cotton T-shirts and briefs and will leave your clothes smelling fresh. Your clothes will turn out brighter and also come out smelling lemon-fresh.

41. Rid Clothes of Mildew
Have you ever unpacked clothes you stored all winter and discovered some are stained with mildew? To get rid of it, make a paste of lemon juice and salt and rub it on the affected area, then dry the clothes in sunlight. Repeat the process until the stain is gone.

42. Eliminate Fireplace Odor
There’s nothing cozier on a cold winter night than a warm fire burning in the fireplace — unless the fire happens to smell horrible. Next time you have a fire that sends a stench into the room, try throwing a few lemon peels into the flames. Or simply burn some lemon peels along with your firewood as a preventive measure.

43. Neutralize Cat-Box Odor
You don’t have to use an aerosol spray to neutralize foul-smelling cat-box odors or freshen the air in your bathroom. Just cut a couple of lemons in half. Then place them, cut side up, in a dish in the room, and the air will soon smell lemon-fresh.

44. Deodorize a Humidifier
When your humidifier starts to smell funky, deodorize it with ease: Just pour 3 or 4 teaspoons lemon juice into the water. It will not only remove the off odor but will replace it with a lemon-fresh fragrance. Repeat every couple of weeks to keep the odor from returning.

45. Reduce Asthma Symptoms
In addition to a general detoxifying diet, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice before each meal, and before retiring can reduce asthma symptoms. 

Interesting programs for educators daily life. Referred by Mister Gutierrez.

- Google Sites, to create your own website. https://sites.google.com/?pli=1

- Google Drive

- Socrative, Sistema de actividades que genera las respuestas y las envia al profesor. www.socrative.com

- Conjuguemos, to conjugate, www.conjuguemos.com

- ClassDojo, participation program, www.classdojo.com

Tuesday, August 20, 2013

Relentless. Quotes IV. By Tim Grover

- He will make no effort to get you to like him. He doesn't care. But he'll do everything possible and succeed to make sure you fear him.
- Fear and respect: let them know you were there by your actions, not your words or emotions. You don't have to be loud to be the focus of attention.. One look, maybe a word or two, and there's nothing more to say. Complete control. That's fear and respect in action.
- A Cleaner has no need to announce his presence. You'll know he's there by the way he carries himself, always  cool and confident.
- Respect isn't just about what can do physically. You have to be able to perform intellectually and mentally as well. The way you conduct yourself in all areas of your life, your ability to show intelligence and class and self control... those are the things that separate you from the rest of the pack.
- That's how you earn respect. Excellence in everything. You are a class act.
- You need to fit in? Really? I thought the whole point was to stand out. You are here because you are the best and you are not afraid to show it.
- Being feared doesn't mean being a jerk.
- I want to be noticed for the excellence of my work, that's all. When people rip me for being an asshole or motherfucker, to me it means I'm on a level they can't attain or comprehend.. That's fear. When others have to fight you by flinging insults, you've already won. It means they have no idea how else to compete with you. Now you know they're intimidated, and you can use it against them every time. The only people not intimidated are others like you... and then, it's game on, let's see what you got.

Sunday, August 18, 2013

Relentless. Quotes III. By Tim Grover

- Good things come to those who work.
- It's easy to improve on mediocrity, not so easy to improve on excellence.
- There are not shortcuts, no luck.
- The guy who started by sorting the mail, or cleaning the restaurant late at night, or fixing the equipment at the gym, that's the guy who knows how things get done.
- Cleaners don't care about instant gratification. The invest in the long therm payoff.
- I can't believe how lucky that guy is, I could do that if... Stop. You could do that if... what? If you put in more time and effort? If you commit to whatever is making it work for him? If you're willing to pay the price he's paying? What's he doing that you can't do?
- When did hard work become a skill? It doesn't take talent to work hard, anyone can do it. Show up, work hard and listen. It takes a willingness to be dedicated, to improve, to be better.
- Cleaner Law: when you are going through a world of pain, you never hide. You show up to work ready to go, you face adversity and your critics and those who judge you, you step into the Zone and perform at that top level when everyone is expecting you to falter. That's being a profesional

Relentless. Quotes II. By Tim Grover

- When you are confident, you don't care about what others think. You can take your mistakes seriously but still laugh because you know you can and will do better. Cleaners always have the confidence to know they'll get it right. Accept the consequences and move on.
- If you did it, own it. If you said it, stand by it. Not just the mistakes, but all your decisions and choices. That's your reputation. Make it count. If you want your opinions to have value, you have to be willing to put them out there and mean what you say. Two things you can't let anyone take from you: your reputation and your balls. That means accepting the pressure of taking responsibility for everything you say and do.
- A Cleaner never wants to be locked in to one plan. He'll know the original plan, and he'll follow it if it feels right to him, but his skills and intuition are so great that he'll usually improvise as he goes. He can't help it. He just goes with the flow of the action, and wherever his instincts take him, that's what you get.
- Will you be ready? Will you have done the work that allows you to step in, fully prepared, and show you should have had that job all along?
- Everyone is given some ability at birth.
- Our challenge in life is to use the abilities we have, and to compensate for the abilities we don't have. Successful people compensate for what they don't have. Unsuccessful people make excuses, blame everyone else and never get past the deficiencies.
- Every minute that you sit around trying to figure out what to do, someone else is already doing it. Make a choice or a choice will be made for you. A Cleaner makes decisions because there's no chance in the world he's going to let anyone else make a decision for him.
- Over thinking imaginary problems just generates fear and anxiety. There is only a situation, your response and an outcome. Prepare yourself with everything you'll need to succeed, then act.
- Are you listening to others, or to your own instincts?
 

Relentless. Quotes I. By Tim Grover

- As you sit back doing nothing because you are afraid to make a mistake, someone else is out there making all kinds of mistakes, learning from them, and getting to where you wanted to be. And probably laughing at your weakness.
-You don't become unstoppable by following the crowd, you get there by doing something better than anyone else can do it,and proving every day why you are the best at what you can do.
- Why did not you trust yourself the first time?
- Can you get comfortable being uncomfortable?
- The most talented guy working harder than anyone else. (On Kobe)
- No fear of failure. That's not about the myth of positive thinking. It's about the hard work and preparation that go into knowing everything there is to know, letting go of your fears and insecurities, and trusting your ability to handle any situation.
- You have to be willing to fail if you are going to trust your yourself to act from the gut, and than adapt as you go. That's the confidence that allows you to take risks and know that whatever happens, you will figure it out. Adapt, and adapt again.
- That's how I learned: your figure it out.
- You miss one hundred percent of the shots you don't take.
- As long as you continue to deny responsibility , you have the added burden of covering your mistake, and you know the truth will eventually come out anyway. Why bother prolonging the drama? You screwed up, admit it.
- Once you start blaming others, you'are admitting you had no control over the situation. And without that control, you can't create a solution.
- Have the confidence to trust that you can handle anything.
 

Saturday, August 3, 2013

Dictogloss

Dictogloss is a language teaching technique that is used to teach grammatical structures, in which students form small groups and summarize a target-language text. First, the teacher prepares a text that contains examples of the grammatical form to be studied. The teacher reads the text to the students at normal speed while they take notes.Students then work in small groups to prepare a summary of their work using the correct grammatical structures, and finally each group presents their work to the rest of the class. Dictogloss activities encourage learners to focus on the form of their language while also being based in communication, and are used in task-based language teaching.
Dictogloss activities have several advantages. They integrate the four language skills of listening, reading, speaking, and writing. They also give students opportunities to talk about both content and the language itself. Furthermore, dictogloss activities are a useful way of presenting new factual information to students and encourage them to listen for key points. Finally, they give support to less confident students, as they are encouraged to participate in their groups as part of the structure of the activity.
An example of a dictogloss is the following: learners discuss the sea; the teacher then explains the task, and reads a short text on the sea to the class, who just listen; the teacher reads the text again and the learners take notes; in groups, the learners then reconstruct the text. In this activity, learners are required to reconstruct a short text by listening and noting down key words, which are then used as a base for reconstruction.
An alternative way of conducting a dictogloss activity is to have the teacher read a short, relevant text three times. The first time, the students listen only, and do not take notes. The second time, they are allowed to note down several key words. The third time, the learners are allowed to write as much as they desire. Following this, the students are instructed to create a summary of what they have heard on their own. When this task has been completed, they take their own summaries and work with a partner to co-construct a summary based on their individual work. Following this, they join with another pair to create a group of four to collaboratively reconstruct the text. Then, students compare their reconstruction of the work with the original to discuss similarities and differences from the source text. This activity can be used, for example, to draw attention to a particular language feature or to help develop students' abilities to synthesize information.

Thursday, August 1, 2013

Sybille Baier - Tonight



tonight when I came home from work, hurt
tonight when I came home from work

there he unforeseen sat in the kitchen
buttering himself a bread
and the cat was on his knee
and smiled at me

tonight when I came home from work
tonight when I came home from work

there he unforeseen passed the guitar
and said "I battered my car
right now won't you please give me your chair"

we had a change of the moon
we had a change of the moon

tonight when I came home from work
tonight when I came home from work

tonight when I came home from work
there he unforeseen changed in the lazy chair
and said "what's that sorrow you bear?"
and I could tell him, he understood

he gently took my arm
he listened to my tears till dawn

I dedicate this song to you
tonight we had change of the moon
we had change of the moon
tonight when I came home from work
tonight when I came home from work
tonight tonight tonight

Monday, July 8, 2013

Enjoy the silence. DM.

Words like violence
Break the silence
Come crashing in
Into my little world
Painful to me
Pierce right through me
Can't you understand
Oh my little girl

All I ever wanted
All I ever needed
Is here in my arms
Words are very unnecessary
They can only do harm

Vows are spoken
To be broken
Feelings are intense
Words are trivial
Pleasures remain
So does the pain
Words are meaningless
And forgettable

All I ever wanted
All I ever needed
Is here in my arms
Words are very unnecessary
They can only do harm

Enjoy the silence

Losing my religion. R.E.M

Oh life, it's bigger
It's bigger than you
And you are not me
The lengths that I will go to
The distance in your eyes
Oh no, I've said too much
I've said enough

That's me in the corner
That's me in the spotlight
Losing my religion
Trying to keep up with you
And I don't know if I can do it
Oh no, I've said too much
I haven't said enough

I thought that I heard you laughing
I thought that I heard you sing
I think I thought I saw you try

Every whisper 
Of every waking hour
I'm choosing my confessions
Trying to keep an eye on you
Like a hurt, lost and blinded fool, fool
Oh no, I've said too much
I've said enough

Consider this
Consider this, the hint of the century
Consider this, the slip
That brought me to my knees, failed
What if all these fantasies come
Flailing around
Now I've said too much

I thought that I heard you laughing
I thought that I heard you sing
I think I thought I saw you try

But that was just a dream
That was just a dream

That's me in the corner
That's me in the spotlight
Losing my religion
Trying to keep up with you
And I don't know if I can do it
Oh no, I've said too much
I haven't said enough

I thought that I heard you laughing
I thought that I heard you sing
I think I thought I saw you try

But that was just a dream
Try, cry, why try
That was just a dream
Just a dream
Just a dream, dream

Friday, July 5, 2013

Placebo. Twenty years lyrics. Sublime.


There are twenty years to go
And twenty ways to know
Who'll wear, who'll wear the hat

There are twenty years to go
The best of all I hope
Enjoy the ride
The medicine show

Thems the breaks
For we designer fakes
We need to concentrate on more than meets the eye

There are twenty years to go
The faithful and the low
The best of starts, the broken heart, the stone

There are twenty years to go
The punch drunk and the blow
The worst of starts, the mercy part, the phone

And thems the breaks
For we designer fakes
We need to concentrate on more than meets the eye

Thems the breaks
For we designer fakes
But it's you i take, cause you're the truth, not I

There are twenty years to go
A golden age I know
But all will pass will end too fast you know

There are twenty years to go
And many friends I hope
Though some may hold the rose
Some hold the rope

That's the end - and that's the start of it
That's the whole - and that's the part of it
That's the hide - and that's the heart of it
That's the long - and that's the short of it
That's the best - and that's the test in it
That's the doubt - doubt, not trust in it
That's the sight - and that's the sound of it
That's the gift - and that's the trick in it

You're the truth, not I, you're the truth, not I
You're the truth, not I, you're the truth, not I

You're the truth, not I, you're the truth, not I
You're the truth, not I, You're the truth, not I.

Monday, June 3, 2013

El constructivismo.

El constructivismo es una corriente pedagógica creada por Ernst von Glasersfeld, basándose en la teoría del conocimiento constructivista, que postula la necesidad de entregar al alumno herramientas (generar andamiajes) que le permitan crear sus propios procedimientos para resolver una situación problemática, lo cual implica que sus ideas se modifiquen y siga aprendiendo.
El constructivismo educativo propone un paradigma en donde el proceso de enseñanza se percibe y se lleva a cabo como un proceso dinámico, participativo e interactivo del sujeto, de modo que el conocimiento sea una auténtica construcción operada por la persona que aprende (por el "sujeto cognoscente"). El constructivismo en pedagogía se aplica como concepto didáctico en la enseñanza orientada a la acción.
Como figuras clave del construccionismo podemos citar a Jean Piaget y a Lev Vygotski. Piaget se centra en cómo se construye el conocimiento partiendo desde la interacción con el medio. Por el contrario, Vygotski se centra en cómo el medio social permite una reconstrucción interna. La instrucción del aprendizaje surge de las aplicaciones de la psicología conductual, donde se especifican los mecanismos conductuales para programar la enseñanza de conocimiento.
Existe otra teoría constructivista (del aprendizaje cognitivo y social) de Albert Bandura y Walter Mischel, dos teóricos del aprendizaje cognoscitivo y social.
CONCEPTO.
Mantiene que la persona tanto en los aspectos cognitivos y sociales como en los afectivos, no es un producto del ambiente ni resultado de sus disposiciones internas, sino una reconstrucción propia que se va reproduciendo constantemente como resultado de la interacción entre estos dos factores. El conocimiento no es una copia fiel de la realidad, sino una reconstrucción del individuo.
Se considera al alumno poseedor de conocimientos sobre los cuales habrá de construir nuevos saberes. No pone la base genética y hereditaria en una posición superior o por encima de los saberes. Es decir, a partir de los conocimientos previos de los educandos, el docente guía para que los estudiantes logren construir conocimientos nuevos y significativos, siendo ellos los actores principales de su propio aprendizaje. Un sistema educativo que adopta el constructivismo como línea psicopedagógica se orienta a llevar a cabo un cambio educativo en todos los niveles.
La perspectiva constructivista del aprendizaje puede situarse en oposición a la instrucción del conocimiento. En general, desde la postura constructivista, el aprendizaje puede facilitarse, pero cada persona reconstruye su propia experiencia interna, con lo cual puede decirse que el conocimiento no puede medirse, ya que es único en cada persona, en su propia reconstrucción interna y subjetiva de la realidad. Por el contrario, la instrucción del aprendizaje postula que la enseñanza o los conocimientos pueden programarse, de modo que pueden fijarse de antemano los contenidos, el método y los objetivos en el proceso de enseñanza.
La diferencia puede parecer sutil, pero sustenta grandes implicaciones pedagógicas, biológicas, geográficas y psicológicas. Por ejemplo, aplicado a un aula con alumnos, desde el constructivismo puede crearse un contexto favorable al aprendizaje, con un clima motivacional de cooperación, donde cada alumno reconstruye su aprendizaje con el resto del grupo. Así, el proceso del aprendizaje prima sobre el objetivo curricular, no habría notas, sino cooperación. Por el otro lado y también a modo de ejemplo, desde la instrucción se elegiría un contenido a impartir y se optimizaría el aprendizaje de ese contenido mediante un método y objetivos fijados previamente, optimizando dicho proceso. En realidad, hoy en día ambos enfoques se mezclan, si bien la instrucción del aprendizaje toma más presencia en el sistema educativo.
JEAN PIAGET.
Para Jean Piaget, la inteligencia tiene dos atributos principales: la organización y la adaptación.
El primer atributo, la organización, se refiere a que la inteligencia está formada por estructuras o esquemas de conocimiento, cada una de las cuales conduce a conductas diferentes en situaciones específicas. En las primeras etapas de su desarrollo, el niño tiene esquemas elementales que se traducen en conductas concretas y observables de tipo sensomotor: mamar, llevarse el dedo en la boca, etc. En el niño en edad escolar aparecen otros esquemas cognoscitivos más abstractos que se denominan operaciones. Estos esquemas o conocimientos más complejos se derivan de los sensomotores por un proceso de internalización, es decir, por la capacidad de establecer relaciones entre objetos, sucesos e ideas. Los símbolos matemáticos y de la lógica representan expresiones más elevadas de las operaciones.
La segunda característica de la inteligencia es la adaptación, que consta de dos procesos simultáneos: la asimilación y la acomodación. La asimilación (del Lat. ad = hacia + similis = semejante) es un concepto psicológico introducido por Jean Piaget para explicar el modo por el cual las personas ingresan nuevos elementos a sus esquemas mentales preexistentes, explicando el crecimiento o sus cambios cuantitativos. Es, junto con la acomodación, uno de los dos procesos básicos para este autor en el proceso de desarrollo cognitivo del niño. Se diferencia de ésta que en este caso no existe modificación en el esquema sino sólo la adición de nuevos elementos. El esquema (o esquema de la conducta) viene a ser la trama de acciones susceptibles de ser repetidas (Merani, 1979).